Showing posts with label Sri Lanka. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Sri Lanka. Show all posts

Tuesday, September 3, 2013

Most Beautiful Cities

Top 10
MOST BEAUTIFUL CITIES IN THE WORLD
1 | VENICE

Among those who've seen it in person, the conclusion is unanimous: Venice is the most beautiful city in the world, and the only one that can truly be described as unique. Each building is a work of art, with their beauty enhanced when reflected on the canals that cross the city. Its magical scenery is fascinating and breathtaking at first sight, evoking the feeling of entering the setting of a real-life fairy tale. It's perhaps even unfair to all other cities to call Venice a city, as it is a place unlike any other that no other can compare to or ever be like.

2 | PARIS

The Seine and the bridges that cross it, the grand boulevards, the monumental squares, the magnificent monuments, the charming streets of Montmartre -- these images of Paris confirm that it is indeed the most elegant and sophisticated of all cities. It has inspired practically every major world capital, with every city claiming its own Champs-Elysèes, and Place des Vosges becoming the prototype of residential squares throughout Europe. Sit at an outdoor café table or go on a boat tour of the Seine and see it all romantically flash before your eyes.

3 | PRAGUE

 
It is known as the city of the thousand spires because of its profusion of grand, beautifully-preserved historical monuments dating from practically every period in history. Those spires are best admired from the bridges that cross the Vltava River, especially from the magnificent Charles Bridge, or standing in the stunningly beautiful Old Town Square. Add the atmospheric alleyways and cobbled streets that lead to it, and you know that few other cities delight the senses as much as Prague.  

4 | LISBON

 
Magnificently sited on a series of hills running down to the grand Tagus River, Lisbon is one of the world's most scenic cities. Beautiful unexpected views are found at every turn down its colorful, picturesque streets, and especially from strategically-placed viewpoints or terraces at the top of each hill. The city has an unpolished, seductive appearance; an effortless beauty with captivating details such as cobbled designs, tiled façades, and pastel-colored buildings blending together to give it a singular atmosphere now lost in so many other cities. In such a stunning place, it's no wonder that many of the world's great explorers questioned what other beauties lied beyond the horizon when they departed from here in the 15th century.

5 | RIO DE JANEIRO

 
There are those who say God created the world in six days and devoted a seventh to Rio. The city is indeed blessed with one of the most stunning settings in the world, making it the most naturally beautiful city in the world. Even if it was deserted of buildings and population, anyone standing at the top of the famous Sugarloaf Mountain or by the Corcovado statue would see one of the world's most beautiful landscapes. Green, tropical luxuriance mixes with the blue of the ocean and the brightness of the sand at the beaches, proving that this is indeed "the marvelous city" as locals call it.

6 | AMSTERDAM

 
Each of the thousands of buildings that line Amsterdam's main canals can be classified as a monument, beautifully kept as apartments, offices, cafés, restaurants, and even brothels. All together they form an aesthetic uniformity that make the city one of the most charming in the world, a stunning place of bridges and bikes crossing canals, picturesque cobbled streets, and strikingly elegant architecture. 

7 | FLORENCE

 
Florence is synonymous with the Italian Renaissance, known for the artistic heritage in its palaces and museum collections. Yet with all the beauty both inside and outside its palazzi's walls, it is the city as a whole that impresses the most. See it from Piazzale Michelangelo, a 19th century terrace overlooking the entire city, and you'll be looking at one of the most storybook-perfect cityscapes. You'll see its unspoiled skyline, the towers and domes of the heart of the city, its bridges, the hills in the distance, and the magnificent Duomo standing in the middle of it all. Few other places in the world will leave you as awestruck.

8 | ROME

 
The city standing on seven hills by the Tiber River is a treasure-trove of monuments among some of the most beautiful squares and classical architecture in the world. Because everyone visits Rome for its landmarks, its picturesque streets are often overlooked, such as those of the Trastevere district, filled with charming lanes, faded palazzi, and lovely homes decorated with flower boxes. It is on streets like those that Rome proves itself to really be eternal.

9 | BUDAPEST

 
Split in two by the Danube River, Budapest is the result of the merging of three cities. Buda is the hill with the royal palace and an old town filled with baroque and gothic monuments looking over the mostly-19th century Pest, crossed by broad avenues lined with elegant neo-renaissance buildings. Admire its setting and remarkable architecture (including the stunning Parliament Building) from the monumental Chain Bridge, and step into the old town for some of the most romantic lanes you'll ever stroll through.


10 | BRUGES


 
It's a small city, in a small country, hardly a metropolis, but huge on beauty. It's one of the world's best preserved medieval cities, filled with gothic and baroque monuments surrounded by an oval canal and extraordinarily romantic cobbled lanes. It's no wonder that it is one of Europe's most visited cities, helped by its location in the very center of the continent. It's an unmissable destination when in Brussels, and easily accessible from anywhere in central Europe. Its combination of gorgeous architecture and pretty, peaceful spots crisscrossed by canals make it one of the most magical sites to be experienced in the world

Friday, August 23, 2013

Cell Phone History

1st cell phone to today
Origin

Cell phones may be new devices, but they originated in the 1920’s. Radios were used since 1921. Features were put into these radios in the 1940’s, and they were used by police. The concept of the cellular phone was developed in 1947 which originated from the mobile car phone. The concept of the cellular phone was produced by Bell Laboratories.
1st cell phone by Motorola
The first actual cell phone was made in 1973 by Martin Cooper of Motorola and other assisting inventors who used the idea of the car phone and applied the technology necessary to make a portable cell phone possible. Cell phones were first made available to the public in 1984. Back then, they were very large, expensive instruments.
The Federal Communications Commission made a regulation that limited radio-spectrum frequencies. This is the reason only twenty-three simultaneous conversations were possible in the same service area. In 1968 the FCC decided to increase the frequencies to allow research for better connections. The FCC worked together with AT&T and Bell Towers to establish broadcast towers. The towers were small with low power and covered a “cell” that was a few miles in radius, but actually covered a larger area. This allowed calls to pass from tower to tower.

Inventors

Martin 1st cell phone inventor
Martin Cooper pioneered Motorola’s research for cellular phones. He was raised in Chicago, and attended the Institute of Technology in Illinois where he obtained a degree in electrical engineering. After working for the navy he also worked for a telecommunications company, and got a job with Motorola in 1954. Cooper worked on the first portable handheld police radio. He was also the first to ever make a phone call using a cellular Phone.


 Some of the other people that aided in the invention of cell phones include Richard W. Dronsuth, Albert J. Mikulski, Charles N. Lynk Jr., James J. Mikulski, John F. Mitchell, Roy A. Richardson, and John H. Sangster.
Motorola 1st cell Phone Company
How They Work

Cell phones originated from the radio, and evolved into the telephone. Each city is divided up into cells that allow frequencies to be transferred. Each cell has a hexagonal shape with a tower in the center (base station), and a building that contains radio equipment.

internal part's

Every carrier within a city uses the same central office, the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). A cell phone carrier is usually allowed about 832 radio frequencies to use per city. With the analog system, one cell phone uses 2 frequencies per phone call, but each cell has about 56 voice channels available which means that 56 cell phones can be in use at one time. This all increases with digital systems and makes cellular phone work more efficiently.
When the cell phone is activated it searches for a System Identification Code (SID) on a control channel. A SID is a different 5 digit number that is assigned. The control channel is responsible for allowing the phone and base station to communicate about call set–up and channel changing. If a control channel cannot be found then the phone is out of range and has “no service”. When the cell phone gets the SID, it is compared to the SID that has already been set in the phone and if they match then this means two cell phones of the same home system have been connected. Also, the cell phone gives off a registration request. The MTSO keeps a record of the phone’s location in order to know what cell it is in when in needs to ring. Once the phone rings and the cell has been determined, the MTSO chooses a frequency pair that the phone uses to take the call. Over the control channel the MTSO communicates with the cell phone to determine which frequencies to use. Then the cell phone and the tower switch with those frequencies and the call is connected. If the cell phone reaches the end of the cell the strength of the signal diminishes so the MTSO allows the 2 base stations to connect and get on a control channel to decide which frequency to switch to.
How it work

Safety and Risks


When the first cell phones were made in 1984, there were many health risks. Cell phones emit radiation that could be harmful. No testing had been done prior to releasing these phones to the public. The radiation could possibly lead to brain cancer with long-term use.

Cellular phones give off an electromagnetic energy which is a type of non-ionizing radiation. This is similar to the radiation naturally found in thunderstorms. The RF electromagnetic energy that cellular phones create can penetrate through a body. The main factors for the depth of penetration and how much is absorbed come from how close the phone is held and how strong its signal is.
It is possible that cell phones can cause serious health issues such as cancer, epileptic seizures or sleep disorders, changes in brain activity, and reaction time, but nothing has been definitely proven
Using a cell phone while driving can increase the risks for accidents. They may interfere with medical devices. These include pacemakers, defibrillators, and hearing aids. Cell phones also interfere with aircraft electronics.
SAR, (specific absorption rate), has a limit of 1.6 watts per kilogram to decrease the health risks.
Hands free phones and devices can be used while driving to prevent traffic accidents, although it is best to refrain from using phones completely while driving.
1st cell phone

Original Structure
The first cellular phones to be created were very large and bulky. This made them difficult to carry around. The first cell phone come to the market in 1984 from Motorola and weighed 2 pounds. It was a DynaTac 8000X which was selling for $3995. A few years later, in 1991 the Motorola MicroTac Lite was created which cost $1000.



Present Structure

The structure of cellular phones has evolved. They have decreased drastically in size and weight. Currently the smallest cell phone in the world weighs slightly more than a pack of cigarettes and is 68 X 38.5 X 22 mm. Cell phones are now so small that they can be carried around more conveniently, but are very easy to loose. They come with numerous features and functions. There are different styles of cell phones such as a flip phone or the slide phone.
It is easy to customize a cell phone by choosing the model, color, style, its features and functions, and size. There are even phone covers that change the face design of the phone. Various accessories are available such as car chargers, belt clips, glowing antennas, and data cables.

Future Cell Phones
Some predict that the cellular phone will completely take over, and wirelines will hardly be used by the year 2010. With the expansion of the wireless lines area codes that distinguish between states will also lose importance.
Future cell Phone
First there are a couple changes that the wireless industry must make. Reception and coverage areas will increase. This way making long distance phone calls from all over the world will be possible without interruption. Technological advancements such as TDMA, CDMA, and GSM already provide clear calls.
Calling restrictions on time will no longer exist so that calls can be made at any time conveniently. More efficient networks that require fewer costs will allow carriers to offer only unlimited calling plans.

References:-

Friday, August 9, 2013

Cricket World Cup History

1975
The first Cricket World Cup was played during 1975 in England. The first three matches were also recognized as Prudential Cup with the sponsorship of prudential plc, it is a pecuniary services company.
The cricket matches consisted of 60 over’s per players and it was played with established white uniform and with red balls. There were matches held only during day and the event is held after every four years.

1992
Till the 1992 Cricket World Cup, only 8 teams participated in the Cricket tournament. Later on, the numbers of teams were certainly increased and in Cricket World Cup 2007, 16 teams took part in the WC.
West Indies Won World Cup 1975

World Cup No. 1 (1975)
Teams: - 8
Format:- Two qualifying groups of four, playing each other once in 60-over matches top two in each group progressed to semi-finals; 15 matches in all.
Winning teams: - West Indies VS Australia 
West Indies Won World Cup 1979

World Cup No. 2 (1979)
Teams: - 8
Format: - same as 1975
Winning teams: - West Indies VS England
India Won World Cup 1983

World Cup No. 3 (1983)
Teams: - 8
Format: - Two groups of four, as in 1979; this time, though, each team played the others in its group twice, not once, to determine the four semi-finalists. As a ploy to reduce the chance of elimination by the weather, it was a good one, even if June wasn't wet and only three of the 27 games went into a reserve day anyway. For the first time, non-Test grounds were used.
Winning teams: - West Indies VS India
Australia Won World Cup 1987

World Cup No. 4 (1987)
Teams: - 8
Format: - As in 1983 but, due to the shorter daylight hours on the subcontinent, games were 50 over’s per innings, not 60. There was an attempt to cheer up disappointed crowds by staging a third-place play-off between Pakistan and India, but the star players demanded too much cash.
Winning teams: - England VS Australia
Pakistan Won World Cup 1991

World Cup No. 5 (1991)
Teams: - 9
Format: - This was the Cup that thought it was a league. All played all in a qualifying round that went on forever. It was fair, but about as exciting as the Nullarbor Plain. The good news was that South Africa joined in for the first time, following the end of apartheid.
Winning teams: - England VS Pakistan
Sri Lanka Won World Cup 1995

World Cup No. 6 (1995)
Teams: - 12
Format: - Two qualifying groups of six: each team played the other five in its group to determine the quarter-finalists. In other words, it took 30 matches to eliminate Zimbabwe and the three minnows, then seven more to reduce the remaining Test nations to one winner.
Winning teams: - Sri Lanka VS Australia
Australia Won World Cup 1999

World Cup No. 7 (1999)
Teams: - 12
Format: - Not so much tinkering as a complete revamp. The 12 entrants were split into two groups, and the top three in each group went into the Super Six, carrying with them the points they had earned against the two teams who had also qualified from their group. They then played the qualifying teams from the other group, creating a final all-played-all league table, with the top four going into the semi-finals. Confused? Most people were.
Winning teams: - Pakistan VS Australia
Australia Won World Cup 2003

World Cup No. 8 (2003)
Teams: - 14
Format: - The organisers all but ignored the lessons learned from 1999 and persevered with the Super Six format, although they tried to even things out by tweaking how points earned in the group stage were carried through. It was still to prove fundamentally flawed as boycotts of matches in Kenya and Zimbabwe, on political and safety grounds, skewed the points so much that Kenya reached the semi-finals courtesy of wins over Bangladesh, Canada and Sri Lanka...
Winning teams:- India VS Australia
Australia Won World Cup 2007

World Cup No. 9 (2007)
Teams 16
Format: - The lessons of 1999 and 2003 were learned and so the Super Eights qualifying was from four groups of four. However, the advertising men were left gawping as India and Pakistan failed to make it through the first round, Bangladesh and Ireland taking their places. While that thrilled the neutrals, it caused a flurry of "never again" chart from Asia and Dubai. The only points carried forward were the ones against the other qualifiers from the same group, which at least should have given the second round some meaning.
Winning teams: - Sri Lanka VS Australia
India Won World Cup 2011

World Cup No. 10 (2011)
Teams 14
Format: - Late in 2007, the four host nations agreed on a revised format for the 2011 World Cup, identical to that of the 1996 World Cup, except that there would be 14 teams instead of 12. The first round of the tournament would consist of two groups of seven teams. Each team in a group would play all the others once, and the top four from each group would qualify for the quarter-finals. This ensured that every team would play at least six matches.
Winning teams: - Sri Lanka VS India
Teams
1975:- England, New Zealand, India, East Africa, Australia, West Indies, Pakistan and Sri Lanka took participation and during.
1979:- Canada was replaced by East Africa.
1983:- Zimbabwe made an entry arena and Canada was out of the court.
The same teams took part in the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
1992:- South Africa made an entry in the group and pertaining year 9 teams took part in the Cricket tournament.
1996:- the number of teams even increased more up to 12 with the participation of three fresh groups UAE, Netherlands and Kenya. Bangladesh and Scotland were replaced by UAE and Netherlands during 1999 Cricket World Cup.
All the 9 cricket world cup matches played have also contributed more records in the Cricket World Cup History.
The records are on most excellent batting strike rate, maximum individual scores, and uppermost run-scorers, top bowling analysis, best bowling financial system rate, finest bowling strike rate, chief wicket-takers, premier team totals, lowest team totals, all major cricket catches and actually the most dismissals.