amazing facts of Cricket

Call yourself a cricket super fan? Well, then how many of these amazing facts do you know?

1. Shahid Afridi used Sachin Tendulkar's bat to hit the fastest ever ODI century

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Shahid Afridi was flown in to play for the Pakistan team from West Indies to Nairobi in 1996 and didn't have a proper bat. That's when Waqar Younis gave 'Young Afridi' Sachin Tendulkar’s bat. Afridi hit 11 sixes and six boundaries with the bat and scored a 37-ball century against Sri Lanka which was the then fastest ODI century. The record, broken later by Corey Anderson (36 balls), now belongs to South Africa's AB de Villiers (31 balls). 

2. Chris Gayle is the only batsman to hit a six off the first ball of a Test match

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In the 137 years of Test cricket no cricketer has ever hit a six off the first ball of a Test match. Audacious Chris Gayle achieved this feat against Bangladesh in 2012 off debutant Sohag Gazi.

3. Abbas Ali Baig was the first Indian cricketer to be kissed during a Test match

BCCL

When Abbas Ali Baig reached a half-century in the third Test match against Australia at the Brabourne Stadium in 1960, a pretty young girl ran all the way from the North Stand to greet the batsman. She kissed Baig on his cheek.

4. Vinod Kambli's Test match average is better than his childhood friend Sachin Tendulkar


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Vinod Kambli played only 17 Test matches which included two back to back double tons. Kambli’s Test average is 54.20 while his childhood friend Sachin Tendulkar averages 53.78 after 200 Tests.

5. Sunil Gavaskar was out off the first ball of a Test match thrice in his career

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Sunil Gavaskar was the first batsman to reach 10,000 Test runs and he ended his career scoring 34 Test centuries. But did you know he was out three times off the first ball of a Test? The bowlers to dismiss him were: Geoff Arnold (Edgbaston, 1974), Malcolm Marshall (Kolkata, 1984) and Imran Khan (Jaipur, 1987). 

6. ML Jaisimha and Ravi Shastri are the only Indians to bat on all five days of a Test


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7. The only cricketer to play Test cricket for India and England is Saif Ali Khan’s grandfather, Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi


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8. Lala Amarnath is the only bowler to dismiss Don Bradman hit wicket in Test cricket


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This happened in the 1948 Brisbane Test.

9. There's an uncanny similarity between the Indo-Pak match at the Australasia Cup of 1986 and Asia Cup 2014


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10. India won the 1983 World Cup and won their first ever Test at Lord’s three years later in 1986.

India won their second World Cup 28 years later in 2011 and remarkably won their second ever Test at Lord’s three years later in 2014.


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11. India is the only country to win the 60-Over, 50-Over and 20-Over World Cup


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12. Alec Stewart was born on 8-4-63 and he scored 8463 Test runs

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13. Asif Karim of Kenya has played International cricket and Davis Cup (Tennis) for his country

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14. Wilfred Rhodes of England played Test cricket till he was 52!

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15. Allan Border played 153 consecutive Test matches

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16. The only Indian Test cricketer to be knighted is Maharaja of Vizianagaram

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17. Australia beat England by 45 runs in the first ever cricket Test as well as the Centenary Test in 1977

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Australia beat England in the first ever Test match by 45 runs held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1877. Hundred years later the opposition were the same, the venue was the same and the result as well!

18. All four innings of a test on the same day


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The 2000 Lord's Test between England and West Indies saw all the four innings being played on the same day. This feat was repeated 11 years later in the famous Cape Town Test where South Africa bowled out Australia for 47.

19. There's only one person who witnessed Jim Laker and Anil Kumble taking 10 wickets in an innings


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As a 10-year-old Richard Stokes witnessed Jim Laker taking all 10 wickets in the 1956 Old Trafford Test against Australia. Forty-three years later he was in India watching the India vs Pakistan Test and saw Anil Kumble taking all the 10 wickets in an innings. These were the only two Tests Stokes has watched in his life. 

20. On the morning of 11/11/11 South Africa needed 111 runs to win at 11:11


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This coincidence occurred during the first Test between South Africa and Australia at Cape Town. At 11:11, on 11/11/11, South Africa were 125 for 1 needing a further 111 runs for a win. 

21. Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday

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Peter Siddle remains the only bowler in international cricket to take a hat-trick on his birthday. This happened during the Brisbane Test against England on November 25, 2010.

22. India's Mohinder Amarnath is the only cricketer to be dismissed for handling the ball and obstructing the field


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23. West Indies' Leslie Hylton is the only cricketer to be hanged for murder

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24. Two Robin Singhs have played Test cricket for India and both never got to play after their debut Test


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Robin Singh - India's one-day specialist played one Test match in his career against Zimbabwe in 1998. His namesake Robin Singh junior was a fast bowler who played his only Test against New Zealand in 1999. 

25. Sachin Tendulkar played for Pakistan before India

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Can you imagine Sachin Tendulkar playing for Pakistan before India? This happened during a practice match between India and Pakistan at the Brabourne Stadium in 1987 where Tendulkar came on the field as a substitute fielder for Pakistan.

World War 1

World War I Begins (1914)
On July 5, Kaiser Wilhelm secretly pledged his support, giving Austria-Hungary a so-called carte blanche or "blank check" assurance of Germany's backing in the case of war. The Dual Monarchy then sent an ultimatum to Serbia, with such harsh terms as to make it almost impossible to accept. Convinced that Vienna was readying for war, the Serbian government ordered the Serbian army to mobilize, and appealed to Russia for assistance. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the tenuous peace between Europe's great powers collapsed. Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had begun.
On July 5, Kaiser Wilhelm secretly pledged his support, giving Austria-Hungary a so-called carte blanche or "blank check" assurance of Germany's backing in the case of war. The Dual Monarchy then sent an ultimatum to Serbia, with such harsh terms as to make it almost impossible to accept. Convinced that Vienna was readying for war, the Serbian government ordered the Serbian army to mobilize, and appealed to Russia for assistance. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the tenuous peace between Europe's great powers collapsed. Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had begun.

World War I's Western Front (1914-17)
In the First Battle of the Marne, fought from September 6-9, 1914, French and British forces confronted the invading Germany army, which had by then penetrated deep into northeastern France, within 30 miles of Paris. Under the French commander Joseph Joffre, the Allied troops checked the German advance and mounted a successful counterattack, driving the Germans back to north of the Aisne River. The defeat meant the end of German plans for a quick victory in France. Both sides dug into trenches, and began the bloody war of attrition that would characterize the next three years on World War I’s Western Front. Particularly long and costly battles in this campaign were fought at Verdun (February-December 1916) and the Somme (July-November 1916); German and French troops suffered close to a million casualties in the Battle of Verdun alone.
In the First Battle of the Marne, fought from September 6-9, 1914, French and British forces confronted the invading Germany army, which had by then penetrated deep into northeastern France, within 30 miles of Paris. Under the French commander Joseph Joffre, the Allied troops checked the German advance and mounted a successful counterattack, driving the Germans back to north of the Aisne River. The defeat meant the end of German plans for a quick victory in France. Both sides dug into trenches, and began the bloody war of attrition that would characterize the next three years on World War I’s Western Front. Particularly long and costly battles in this campaign were fought at Verdun (February-December 1916) and the Somme (July-November 1916); German and French troops suffered close to a million casualties in the Battle of Verdun alone.

World War I's Eastern Front and Revolution in Russia (1914-17)

Over the next two years, the Russian army mounted several offensives on the Eastern Front but were unable to break through German lines. Defeat on the battlefield fed the growing discontent among the bulk of Russia's population, especially the poverty-stricken workers and peasants, and its hostility towards the imperial regime. This discontent culminated in the Russian Revolution of 1917, spearheaded by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks. One of Lenin's first actions as leader was to call a halt to Russian participation in World War I. Russia reached an armistice with the Central Powers in early December 1917, freeing German troops to face the other Allies on the Western Front. 
Over the next two years, the Russian army mounted several offensives on the Eastern Front but were unable to break through German lines. Defeat on the battlefield fed the growing discontent among the bulk of Russia's population, especially the poverty-stricken workers and peasants, and its hostility towards the imperial regime. This discontent culminated in the Russian Revolution of 1917, spearheaded by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks. One of Lenin's first actions as leader was to call a halt to Russian participation in World War I. Russia reached an armistice with the Central Powers in early December 1917, freeing German troops to face the other Allies on the Western Front. 

Gallipoli Campaign (1915-16) and Battles of the Isonzo (1915-17)
British-led forces also combated the Turks in Egypt and Mesopotamia, while in northern Italy Austrian and Italian troops faced off in a series of 12 battles along the Isonzo River, located at the border between the two nations. The First Battle of the Isonzo took place in the late spring of 1915, soon after Italy's entrance into the war on the Allied side; in the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, or the Battle of Caporetto (October 1917), German reinforcements helped Austria-Hungary win a decisive victory. After Caporetto, Italy's allies jumped in to offer increased assistance. British and French--and later American--troops arrived in the region, and the Allies began to take back the initiative on the Italian Front.
British-led forces also combated the Turks in Egypt and Mesopotamia, while in northern Italy Austrian and Italian troops faced off in a series of 12 battles along the Isonzo River, located at the border between the two nations. The First Battle of the Isonzo took place in the late spring of 1915, soon after Italy's entrance into the war on the Allied side; in the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, or the Battle of Caporetto (October 1917), German reinforcements helped Austria-Hungary win a decisive victory. After Caporetto, Italy's allies jumped in to offer increased assistance. British and French--and later American--troops arrived in the region, and the Allies began to take back the initiative on the Italian Front.

World War I at Sea (1914-17)
It was Germany's policy of unchecked submarine aggression against shipping interests headed to Great Britain that helped bring the United States into World War I in 1917. Widespread protest over the sinking by U-boat of the British ocean liner Lusitania in May 1915 helped turn the tide of American public opinion steadfastly against Germany, and in February 1917 Congress passed a $250 million arms appropriations bill intended to make the United States ready for war. Germany sunk four more U.S. merchant ships the following month and on April 2 President Woodrow Wilson appeared before Congress and called for a declaration of war against Germany.

It was Germany's policy of unchecked submarine aggression against shipping interests headed to Great Britain that helped bring the United States into World War I in 1917. Widespread protest over the sinking by U-boat of the British ocean liner Lusitania in May 1915 helped turn the tide of American public opinion steadfastly against Germany, and in February 1917 Congress passed a $250 million arms appropriations bill intended to make the United States ready for war. Germany sunk four more U.S. merchant ships the following month and on April 2 President Woodrow Wilson appeared before Congress and called for a declaration of war against Germany.

Toward an Armistice (1917-18)

 
The Second Battle of the Marne turned the tide of war decisively towards the Allies, who were able to regain much of France and Belgium in the months that followed. By the fall of 1918, the Central Powers were unraveling on all fronts. Despite the Turkish victory at Gallipoli, later defeats by invading forces and an Arab revolt had combined to destroy the Ottoman economy and devastate its land, and the Turks signed a treaty with the Allies in late October 1918. Austria-Hungary, dissolving from within due to growing nationalist movements among its diverse population, reached an armistice on November 4. Facing dwindling resources on the battlefield, discontent on the home front and the surrender of its allies, Germany was finally forced to seek an armistice on November 11, 1918, ending World War I. 
The Second Battle of the Marne turned the tide of war decisively towards the Allies, who were able to regain much of France and Belgium in the months that followed. By the fall of 1918, the Central Powers were unraveling on all fronts. Despite the Turkish victory at Gallipoli, later defeats by invading forces and an Arab revolt had combined to destroy the Ottoman economy and devastate its land, and the Turks signed a treaty with the Allies in late October 1918. Austria-Hungary, dissolving from within due to growing nationalist movements among its diverse population, reached an armistice on November 4. Facing dwindling resources on the battlefield, discontent on the home front and the surrender of its allies, Germany was finally forced to seek an armistice on November 11, 1918, ending World War I. 

World War I's Legacy
At the peace conference in Paris in 1919, Allied leaders would state their desire to build a post-war world that would safeguard itself against future conflicts of such devastating scale. The Versailles Treaty, signed on June 28, 1919, would not achieve this objective. Saddled with war guilt and heavy reparations and denied entrance into the League of Nations, Germany felt tricked into signing the treaty, having believed any peace would be a "peace without victory" as put forward by Wilson in his famous Fourteen Points speech of January 1918. As the years passed, hatred of the Versailles treaty and its authors settled into a smoldering resentment in Germany that would, two decades later, be counted among the causes of World War II.
At the peace conference in Paris in 1919, Allied leaders would state their desire to build a post-war world that would safeguard itself against future conflicts of such devastating scale. The Versailles Treaty, signed on June 28, 1919, would not achieve this objective. Saddled with war guilt and heavy reparations and denied entrance into the League of Nations, Germany felt tricked into signing the treaty, having believed any peace would be a "peace without victory" as put forward by Wilson in his famous Fourteen Points speech of January 1918. As the years passed, hatred of the Versailles treaty and its authors settled into a smoldering resentment in Germany that would, two decades later, be counted among the causes of World War II.

Though tensions had been brewing in Europe--and especially in the troubled Balkan region--for years before conflict actually broke out, the spark that ignited World War I was struck in Sarajevo, Bosnia, where Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nephew of Emperor Franz Josef and heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was shot to death along with his wife by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie set off a rapid chain of events: Austria-Hungary, like many in countries around the world, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the question of Slavic nationalism once and for all. As Russia supported Serbia, Austria-Hungary waited to declare war until its leaders received assurances from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II that Germany would support their cause in the event of a Russian intervention, which would likely involve Russia's ally, France, and possibly Great Britain as well. 

According to an aggressive military strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan (named for its mastermind, German Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen), Germany began fighting World War I on two fronts, invading France through neutral Belgium in the west and confronting mighty Russia in the east. On August 4, 1914, German troops under Erich Ludendorff crossed the border into Belgium, in violation of that country's neutrality. In the first battle of World War I, the Germans assaulted the heavily fortified city of Liege, using the most powerful weapons in their arsenal--enormous siege cannons--to capture the city by August 15. Leaving death and destruction in their wake, including the shooting of civilians and the deliberate execution of Belgian priest, whom they accused of inciting civilian resistance, the Germans advanced through Belgium towards France. 

On the Eastern Front of World War I, Russian forces invaded East Prussia and German Poland, but were stopped short by German and Austrian forces at the Battle of Tannenberg in late August 1914. Despite that victory, the Red Army assault had forced Germany to move two corps from the Western Front to the Eastern, contributing to the German loss in the Battle of the Marne. Combined with the fierce Allied resistance in France, the ability of Russia's huge war machine to mobilize relatively quickly in the east ensured a longer, more grueling conflict instead of the quick victory Germany had hoped to win with the Schlieffen Plan. 

With World War I having effectively settled into a stalemate in Europe, the Allies attempted to score a victory against the Ottoman Empire, which had entered the conflict on the side of the Central Powers in late 1914. After a failed attack on the Dardanelles (the strait linking the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea), Allied forces led by Britain launched a large-scale land invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in April 1915. The invasion also proved a dismal failure, and in January 1916 Allied forces were forced to stage a full retreat from the shores of the peninsula, after suffering 250,000 casualties. 

After the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915, the German navy chose not to confront Britain's mighty Royal Navy in a major battle for more than a year, preferring to rest the bulk of its strategy at sea on its lethal U-boat submarines. The biggest naval engagement of World War I, the Battle of Jutland (May 1916) left British naval superiority on the North Sea intact, and Germany would make no further attempts to break the Allied naval blockade for the remainder of the war. 

With Germany able to build up its strength on the Western Front after the armistice with Russia, Allied troops struggled to hold off another German offensive until promised reinforcements from the United States were able to arrive. On July 15, 1918, German troops under Erich von Ludendorff launched what would become the last German offensive of the war, attacking French forces (joined by 85,000 American troops as well as some of the British Expeditionary Force) in the Second Battle of the Marne. Thanks in part to the strategic leadership of the French commander-in-chief, Philippe Petain, the Allies put back the German offensive, and launched their own counteroffensive just three days later. After suffering massive casualties, Ludendorff was forced to call off a planned German offensive further north, in the Flanders region stretching between France and Belgium, which he had envisioned as Germany's best hope of victory. 

World War I took the life of more than 9 million soldiers; 21 million more were wounded. Civilian casualties caused indirectly by the war numbered close to 10 million. The two nations most affected were Germany and France, each of which sent some 80 percent of their male populations between the ages of 15 and 49 into battle. The war also marked the fall of four imperial dynasties--Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Turkey. 

World's top 10 electricity producing countries

Hub to Produce electricity

Electricity is most essential necessity of life, According to an estimate in 2010 world’s total electric production, from the different sources was 21,325,115 (GWh). It is estimated that USA and China are the leading countries in producing electricity in the world, they produces near about more than 30% of the world’s production which is a record if compared to all other countries.

Rank	Country	Electricity - production (TWh)
1	China	4,604
2	United States	3,953
3	Japan	937.6
4	Russia	925.9
5	India	835.3
6	Canada	604.4
7	Germany	556.4
8	France	510
9	Brazil	509.2
10	Korea, South	459.5

Definition: This entry is the annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution with electricity forming an increasing share of the world's total energy demand and electricity use growing more rapidly than consumption of liquid fuels, natural gas, or coal, the total world electricity generation grew by 4.1 percent in 2012.

(All units of electricity are measured in Terawatt-hours. 1 TWh = 1000,000 MWh)

China: - With a whopping 4604 TWh of electricity produced, China is number one in terms of electricity production in the world. After the Electric Power Law was implemented, the development of the power industry soared and regulated production, distribution and consumption.

USA:- Majority of its energy USA’s derived from fossil fuels, but U.S. power plants use renewable energy sources—water (hydroelectric), wood, wind, organic waste, geothermal, and sun — to generate about 13 percent of the country’s electricity needs. It produced 3953 TWh of electricity.

Japan: - which produced 937.6 TWh of electricity, is one of the major exporters of energy-sector capital equipment, and has a strong energy research and development (R&D) program supported by the government, which pursues energy efficiency measures domestically in order to increase the country’s energy security and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Russia: - Federation holds the world’s second largest coal reserves and produces most of its electricity from natural gas and coal. It produced 925.9 TWh of electricity. Russia exports electricity to Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Turkey among other countries.

India: - In terms of fuel, coal-fired plants account for 56 percent of India's installed electricity capacity, renewal hydropower accounts for 19 percent, renewable energy for 12 percent and natural gas for about 9 percent. India produced 835.3 TWh of electricity.

Canada: - provinces, large government-owned integrated public utilities play a leading role in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The country produced 604.4 TWh of electricity.

Germany: - which set a solar power record by producing 22 gigawatts of electricity per hour produced 556.4 TWh of electricity. However, the main source of the country’s electricity production is coal.

France: - Nuclear power is the primary source of electric power in France. France's nuclear power industry has been called a success story that has put the nation ahead in terms of providing cheap, pollution free energy. It produced 510 TWh of electricity.

Brazil: - with a production of 509.2 TWh has the largest electricity market in South America. The country has the largest capacity for water storage in the world, being highly dependent on hydroelectricity generation capacity, which meets over 80 percent of its electricity demand.

South Korea: - Energy producers in South Korea were dominated by government enterprises, although privately operated coal mines and oil refineries also existed. The country produced 459.5 TWh of electricity.

keep smiling

I looked at the empty word document, wondered what to write..? Just then looked at the clock. It was 10:10. Vow...the hands of the clock showed a smiling curve, decided to write about 'Smile'.

This curve on our face can set many things straight in our life and is believed to be the most beautiful curve in a woman. No hassle of spending money, the least expensive jewel/cosmetic that can enhance your looks to the best is a...smile.

If you see anyone around you without a smile, please lend them one of yours. Unlike money you neither need to charge interest on it nor there a fear of repayment. The poor, who are found abundant in our society, remain rich in their heart until they flash a smile on their face, which most of the upper class people have lost.

People are classified on basis on their caste, creed, colour etc...but smile is universal to all humans irrespective of their origin and class and could also be used as a powerful weapon to face challenges all your life.

Make a difference of your existence. You smile at the world then notice the entire world smiling back at you. Because smile is like an epidemic...one smile on your face can multiply to many on everyone's face surrounding you. It is believed that it puts more muscles under action for a frown on your face when compared to a smile, which involves fewer muscles. Then why not every day freshly begin with a slight curve on our lips.

'SMILE' this is the second best thing that could be done with your lips. Hope it's not hard to guess what the first best thing is.....take a guess!

I believe the best ever smile is the one that's beamed on the mother's face after seeing her new born. The second best is the innocent smile on the babies in their sleep (I bet every one of us would have done it). So why forget the art of smiling which we all were blessed since our birth......

Say Cheeeese... :)

Cell Phone History

1st cell phone to today

Origin

Cell phones may be new devices, but they originated in the 1920’s. Radios were used since 1921. Features were put into these radios in the 1940’s, and they were used by police. The concept of the cellular phone was developed in 1947 which originated from the mobile car phone. The concept of the cellular phone was produced by Bell Laboratories.

1st cell phone by Motorola

The first actual cell phone was made in 1973 by Martin Cooper of Motorola and other assisting inventors who used the idea of the car phone and applied the technology necessary to make a portable cell phone possible. Cell phones were first made available to the public in 1984. Back then, they were very large, expensive instruments.

The Federal Communications Commission made a regulation that limited radio-spectrum frequencies. This is the reason only twenty-three simultaneous conversations were possible in the same service area. In 1968 the FCC decided to increase the frequencies to allow research for better connections. The FCC worked together with AT&T and Bell Towers to establish broadcast towers. The towers were small with low power and covered a “cell” that was a few miles in radius, but actually covered a larger area. This allowed calls to pass from tower to tower.

Inventors

Martin 1st cell phone inventor

Martin Cooper pioneered Motorola’s research for cellular phones. He was raised in Chicago, and attended the Institute of Technology in Illinois where he obtained a degree in electrical engineering. After working for the navy he also worked for a telecommunications company, and got a job with Motorola in 1954. Cooper worked on the first portable handheld police radio. He was also the first to ever make a phone call using a cellular Phone.

 Some of the other people that aided in the invention of cell phones include Richard W. Dronsuth, Albert J. Mikulski, Charles N. Lynk Jr., James J. Mikulski, John F. Mitchell, Roy A. Richardson, and John H. Sangster.

Motorola 1st cell Phone Company

How They Work

Cell phones originated from the radio, and evolved into the telephone. Each city is divided up into cells that allow frequencies to be transferred. Each cell has a hexagonal shape with a tower in the center (base station), and a building that contains radio equipment.

internal part's

Every carrier within a city uses the same central office, the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). A cell phone carrier is usually allowed about 832 radio frequencies to use per city. With the analog system, one cell phone uses 2 frequencies per phone call, but each cell has about 56 voice channels available which means that 56 cell phones can be in use at one time. This all increases with digital systems and makes cellular phone work more efficiently.

When the cell phone is activated it searches for a System Identification Code (SID) on a control channel. A SID is a different 5 digit number that is assigned. The control channel is responsible for allowing the phone and base station to communicate about call set–up and channel changing. If a control channel cannot be found then the phone is out of range and has “no service”. When the cell phone gets the SID, it is compared to the SID that has already been set in the phone and if they match then this means two cell phones of the same home system have been connected. Also, the cell phone gives off a registration request. The MTSO keeps a record of the phone’s location in order to know what cell it is in when in needs to ring. Once the phone rings and the cell has been determined, the MTSO chooses a frequency pair that the phone uses to take the call. Over the control channel the MTSO communicates with the cell phone to determine which frequencies to use. Then the cell phone and the tower switch with those frequencies and the call is connected. If the cell phone reaches the end of the cell the strength of the signal diminishes so the MTSO allows the 2 base stations to connect and get on a control channel to decide which frequency to switch to.

How it work

Safety and Risks

When the first cell phones were made in 1984, there were many health risks. Cell phones emit radiation that could be harmful. No testing had been done prior to releasing these phones to the public. The radiation could possibly lead to brain cancer with long-term use.

Cellular phones give off an electromagnetic energy which is a type of non-ionizing radiation. This is similar to the radiation naturally found in thunderstorms. The RF electromagnetic energy that cellular phones create can penetrate through a body. The main factors for the depth of penetration and how much is absorbed come from how close the phone is held and how strong its signal is.

It is possible that cell phones can cause serious health issues such as cancer, epileptic seizures or sleep disorders, changes in brain activity, and reaction time, but nothing has been definitely proven

Using a cell phone while driving can increase the risks for accidents. They may interfere with medical devices. These include pacemakers, defibrillators, and hearing aids. Cell phones also interfere with aircraft electronics.

SAR, (specific absorption rate), has a limit of 1.6 watts per kilogram to decrease the health risks.
Hands free phones and devices can be used while driving to prevent traffic accidents, although it is best to refrain from using phones completely while driving.

1st cell phone

Original Structure

The first cellular phones to be created were very large and bulky. This made them difficult to carry around. The first cell phone come to the market in 1984 from Motorola and weighed 2 pounds. It was a DynaTac 8000X which was selling for $3995. A few years later, in 1991 the Motorola MicroTac Lite was created which cost $1000.

Present Structure

The structure of cellular phones has evolved. They have decreased drastically in size and weight. Currently the smallest cell phone in the world weighs slightly more than a pack of cigarettes and is 68 X 38.5 X 22 mm. Cell phones are now so small that they can be carried around more conveniently, but are very easy to loose. They come with numerous features and functions. There are different styles of cell phones such as a flip phone or the slide phone.

It is easy to customize a cell phone by choosing the model, color, style, its features and functions, and size. There are even phone covers that change the face design of the phone. Various accessories are available such as car chargers, belt clips, glowing antennas, and data cables.

Future Cell Phones

Some predict that the cellular phone will completely take over, and wirelines will hardly be used by the year 2010. With the expansion of the wireless lines area codes that distinguish between states will also lose importance.

Future cell Phone

First there are a couple changes that the wireless industry must make. Reception and coverage areas will increase. This way making long distance phone calls from all over the world will be possible without interruption. Technological advancements such as TDMA, CDMA, and GSM already provide clear calls.

Calling restrictions on time will no longer exist so that calls can be made at any time conveniently. More efficient networks that require fewer costs will allow carriers to offer only unlimited calling plans.

References:-

 History Of Cell Phones.

Farley, Tom. "Mobile Phone History.

Bellis, Mary. "Selling The Cell Phone. 

Safety and Safe Use of Cellular Phones. 

Do Cellular Phones Pose Health Risks?. 

Cell Phone Features.

Cellular Phones - Industry Overview.

How Cell Phones Work.

Smallest Cell Phone In The World.

The Future of Cell Phones.

History of Cell Phones.

 Martin Cooper - Inventor of the Cellphone.